∯
Math Operator 44
- Unicode
- U+222F
- Category
- Math
- HTML Entity
- ∯
- CSS
- \222F
The surface integral symbol (∯) represents a mathematical integration over a closed two-dimensional boundary, such as a sphere or a cube. Physicists and mathematicians frequently use this character in vector calculus, particularly when writing equations for Gauss's law or electromagnetism. While rarely seen outside academic contexts, it remains a crucial standard notation for expressing complex 3D geometric formulas.
How to Type
- Windows
- Alt+8751
- macOS
- Control+Command+Space then search "surface integral"
- Linux
- Ctrl+Shift+U then 222F then Enter
- HTML
- ∯ or ∯
In Programming
In LaTeX and mathematical rendering engines like MathJax, this symbol is typically generated using the `\oiint` command. Developers rely on it when formatting advanced physics and calculus equations for educational software or scientific documentation.
Tags
analysis
calculus
closed surface integral
double contour integral
electromagnetism math
flux
flux integral
gauss law symbol
mathematics
oiint LaTeX
physics math
surface integral
vector calculus
∯ symbol